Ben Strack

Bills in Arkansas and Montana that focus on crypto mining have passed in recent days, while legislation in other states remain in the ratification process.&nbsp;



While some of the proposed or passed pieces of legislation seek to protect the rights of crypto miners, others seek to put certain restrictions on companies operating in the sector.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Where do the bills stand and what’s in them?</h2>



Of the 7 states examined below, most have legislation that is still working its through their political systems, while one, New York, has a crypto mining bill already signed into law.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Arkansas&nbsp;</h3>



The Arkansas Data Centers Act of 2023, <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/arkansas-crypto-mining-bill">passed by the state’s House and Senate</a> last week, seeks to protect miners from discrimination.



The <a href="https://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/Bills/FTPDocument?path=%2FBills%2F2023R%2FPublic%2FHB1799.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">law</a> prohibits a local government from imposing requirements for crypto miners that differ from those applicable to data centers, such as rezoning areas to unfairly target such businesses. 



It also says the Arkansas Public Service Commission, which regulates the state’s utilities, is not allowed to establish “an unreasonably discriminatory rate” for crypto mining customers.



The act must be signed by Gov. Sarah Huckabee Sanders before it becomes law.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Montana&nbsp;</h3>



Montana’s House of Representatives <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/montana-mining-bill-passes-house">passed a similar bill</a> to Arkansas’s miner-friendly legislation on Wednesday.&nbsp;



It now heads to Gov. Greg Gianforte’s desk for final approval.&nbsp;



The bill allows industrial and at-home miners to conduct their business free from government interference, noting that crypto mining “provides positive economic value” for people and companies in the US.



Like the Arkansas law, Montana’s bill requires the government to treat crypto miners no different from data centers.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Missouri and Mississippi</h3>



Proposed laws in Missouri and Mississippi, like the bills in Arkansas and Montana, look to offer protection for crypto miners.&nbsp;&nbsp;



First proposed in January, the Missouri bill would similarly limit actions the state can take against such activities, such as prohibiting its Public Service Commission from setting discriminatory rates for a digital asset mining business.



It also looks to stop the state from prohibiting the running of nodes for crypto mining at private residences, according to a bill <a href="https://www.house.mo.gov/billtracking/bills231/sumpdf/HB0764I.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">summary</a>.



Mississippi&#8217;s proposed <a href="http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2023/pdf/SB/2600-2699/SB2603PS.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">law</a> brings up similar language to the Arkansas and Montana bills in that it would block the state from treating miners differently than data centers.



The Missouri bill was <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/missouri-protects-crypto-mining">passed by the state’s House</a> on March 7, but appears to have stalled.&nbsp;



The Mississippi bill passed the state Senate in February but <a href="http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/2023/pdf/votes/house/0650013.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">failed</a> to pass during a House of Representatives vote last month. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Texas</h3>



Texas Senate Bill 1751 would prohibit tax abatements on certain bitcoin mining property and set limits on miners’ participation in demand response programs.&nbsp;



The type of demand response the Texas bill would impact is ancillary services — where bitcoin miners, in this case, sell the right to the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) to curtail miner load as it sees fit to balance the grid.



Riot Platforms, a miner operating in the state, <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/riot-dislikes-texas-mining-bill">called the bill “misguided”</a> and argued that it would lead to a more expensive and less reliable energy grid.&nbsp;



In a Wednesday <a href="https://mobile.twitter.com/SatoshiActFund/status/1646344816576593920" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">letter</a> to Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick, leaders of the Chamber of Digital Commerce, the Texas Blockchain Council and the Satoshi Action Fund, wrote that the bill  would have “devastating impacts on Texas’ leadership role in the digital economy and could have unintended consequences on the state’s energy security.” 



Introduced last month, the Texas Senate voted to approve the bill on Wednesday. The bill now heads to the state’s House of Representatives.



Texas Blockchain Council President Lee Bratcher told Blockworks he believes Texas Senate Bill 1751 will “struggle to gain traction” in the House due to its “anti-competitive nature.”&nbsp;&nbsp;



Fred Thiel, CEO of crypto miner Marathon Digital, previously said he didn’t think the law would pass the House, noting he expects “sane heads will prevail.”&nbsp;



Analysts at Compass Point Research &amp; Trading wrote in an April 10 research note that even if the proposal passes the Senate and House, they believe Texas Gov. Greg Abbott would veto it.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Oregon</h3>



<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/oregon-weighing-crypto-miner-carbon-crackdown">An Oregon bill</a> introduced in January would require facilities with high energy use, including those involved in crypto mining, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.



Amazon had lobbied against the bill from the start of discussions, the Washington Post <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/04/04/amazon-climate-energy-fuel-oregon/?email=467cb6399cb7df64551775e431052b43a775c749&amp;emaila=12a6d4d069cd56cfddaa391c24eb7042&amp;emailb=054528e7403871c79f668e49dd3c44b1ec00c7f611bf9388f76bb2324d6ca5f3&amp;utm_source=Sailthru&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=04.05.23%20Energy%20%26%20Environment%20JB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reported</a> earlier this month, essentially killing it.



The tech giant “successfully nurtured fear that our energy requirements would drive away the development of data centers,” Oregon state Rep. Pam Marsh told the news outlet.



The bill would have set up specific emissions reduction targets in the years ahead — such as lowering emissions by 60% below their baseline current levels by 2027 — and required operators of such facilities to provide proof of compliance via annual reports to the Department of Environmental Quality.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Violations were to result in a $12,000 penalty per megawatt-hour in violation for each day not in compliance.



A public hearing related to the proposal was held on March 20. Those set to <a href="https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2023R1/Downloads/CommitteeMeetingDocument/266037" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">testify</a> in support included leaders from Southern Oregon Climate Action Now and the NW Energy Coalition, while people from the Economic Development for Central Oregon and the Data Center Coalition were slated to speak in opposition of the measure.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">New York</h3>



A <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/new-york-passes-bill-restricting-carbon-fueled-crypto-mining-operations">crypto mining-related bill in New York</a> is unique in that it is no longer pending.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/A7389" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">law</a>, which paused crypto mining operations that use proof-of-work methods to validate blockchain transactions, was signed by Gov. Kathy Hochul last November. 



The bill prevents the state from approving such operations that depend on carbon-based power for two years, noting that such crypto miners “impact compliance” with New York’s Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act.



Kristin Smith, executive director of Blockchain Association, had said before it was signed that the bill would have “a significant chilling effect on crypto mining in the state,” adding that it could send hundreds of jobs to other states.



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In US Crypto Mining Regulation, Where do the States Stand?

Shalini Nagarajan

Mississippi Senate lawmakers have passed a bill that makes cryptoasset mining legal and protects miners from biased energy rates.



Senator Josh Harkins introduced the bill to the House, stating that digital asset mining has generated thousands of job opportunities for the state and provided billions in positive economic value for companies.



Since China’s 2021 <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-central-bank-vows-crackdown-cryptocurrency-trading-2021-09-24/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ban</a> on digital asset mining, the industry has seen significant growth in the US but faced regulatory challenges, he noted. 



According to the senator, digital asset mining presents an opportunity to stabilize the power grid and generate revenue for infrastructure projects across Mississippi.&nbsp;



The bill legalizes running a node or series of nodes for the purpose of mining at private residences or industrial areas. It also prohibits imposing limits on noise generated from home digital asset mining beyond limits already in place for other forms of sound pollution.



Modifications to the zoning of a digital asset mining business too won’t be allowed without appropriate notice, and in case this is done, the relevant business will have the right to appeal the change.&nbsp;



The state’s Public Service Commission, which regulates utilities like electricity and gas, won’t be permitted to establish discriminatory rate schedules for such businesses, meaning the same electricity rates for other industrial uses should be applied.&nbsp;



Electricity rates in Mississippi are nearly 16% lower than the US average rate, and it is the 16th best priced state in the nation, according to data from <a href="https://findenergy.com/ms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Find Energy</a>. Washington, Utah and Idaho are among other states with <a href="https://www.saveonenergy.com/electricity-rates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cheaper rates</a>.



Persons or entities engaged in any digital asset mining business in the state will be exempted from holding a “money transmitter” status, suggesting that they wouldn’t have to register with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN).



Some states have taken a more skeptical approach. For instance, New York signed a mining moratorium law in November, which placed a <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/crypto-mining-ban-will-hurt-new-york-and-our-environment">two-year ban</a> on proof-of-work mining in the state.



The Mississippi bill is one of the more positive ones with regard to cryptoasset mining, and could take effect on July 1 if approved by House members and signed by the state’s governor, Tate Reeves.



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Start your day with top crypto insights from David Canellis and Katherine Ross. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Subscribe to the Empire newsletter</a>.



Explore the growing intersection between crypto, macroeconomics, policy and finance with Ben Strack, Casey Wagner and Felix Jauvin. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/onthemargin">Subscribe to the Forward Guidance newsletter</a>.



Get alpha directly in your inbox with the <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/research">0xResearch newsletter</a> — market highlights, charts, degen trade ideas, governance updates, and more.



The Lightspeed newsletter is all things Solana, in your inbox, every day. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Subscribe to daily Solana news</a> from Jack Kubinec and Jeff Albus.